Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay Research Paper Beethoven free essay sample

Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay, Research Paper Beethoven For many people, Ludwig Van Beethoven is considered the greatest composer who of all time lived and is the highest degree of musical masterminds. His composings are the look of one of the most powerful musical personalities of all clip which he exceeded above norm in both countries of Classical and Romantic labeling. Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, December 16, 1770, and was baptized on December 17. His male parent, Johann, was a vocalist employed by the Elector of Cologne in Bonn. Johann married Maria Magdalena Laym, a cook # 8217 ; s girl. Together they had seven kids of which three boies survived, Beethoven was the oldest ( Collier # 8217 ; s Encyclopedia, Beethoven ) . When Johanns # 8217 ; calling was threatened by alcohol addiction, he saw his opportunity to acquire rich by working his boy Beethoven as a kid prodigy. He claimed Beethoven was old ages younger than he really was, neglected his formal instruction, and made him pattern his music infinitely. We will write a custom essay sample on Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay Research Paper Beethoven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His effort to acquire rich was a catastrophe and likely encouraged the brusque and retreating personality Beethoven developed. Beethoven was a solo piano player and piano instructor when he was in his mid-twentiess. He was good known for his temperamental nature. He had to abandon his executing calling of hearing loss. By this clip, he was good known as a composer and was able to populate by the net incomes of concerts and sale of his plants to publishing houses. He was the most august composer in all of Europe and regarded as the greatest living illustration of Romantic, artistic mastermind ( McLeish, pg. 18-19 ) . Sonate Pathetique, Opus 13 was written in 1798 and named by the composer Ludwig Van Beethoven. This Sonate was highly romantic because of the charged first motion, while the Adagio Movement is sad, yet soothing. The 3rd motion of the # 8220 ; Pathetique # 8221 ; was considered Rondo. The key of the Adagio Movement is A Flat, the submediant Key of the gap Grave subdivis ion. The signifier is a cross between Rondo and Theme and Variations because the A or Main Theme subdivisions have the same tune, but the accompanying parts are varied. Although Beethoven still uses the tonic-dominant relationships to get down and stop his first subdivision, millimeter. 1-16, even stoping his first subject with a perfect reliable meter the composer begins to utilize keys with 3rd relationships. The chief subject is in the key of A level, nevertheless the 2nd subject is in the comparative minor key of F child. MM 17-23 are really polar in nature and by millimeter. 23 Beethoven has modulated to the dominant key of E level major. The balance of the piece gives the feeling of A level major, although subdivision degree Celsiuss, millimeter. 36-50. contain many transitions. The finale begins in mm 66-4 through the terminal and contains a series of V # 8211 ; I meters. The Adagio of Sonate Pathetique has been compared holding a similar melodic construction and affinity of subject to the Adagio of the Ninth Symphony written during the last period about 25 old ages subsequently. This Adagio motion is in the vocalizing manner and demands great emotion from the performing artist. Although this peculiar motion was written during B eethoven’s first period, the great emotion and contemplation, the peace and self-contemplation that characterized his 3rd period seem to be present ( McLeish pg. 58-76 ) . Beethoven had a powerful personality that awed everyone. His high-potential personality coupled with his high-voltage mastermind, Beethoven was able to populate his life on his ain footings in everything except his hearing loss. He was merely 5 pess, 4 inches, wide, with a big caput, tonss of hair, protruding-teeth, a little olfactory organ and a bad wont of ptyalizing. He was gawky, dark and leery, huffy, unretentive, and prone to furies of pique. As a unmarried man, he was improbably mussy and had no retainers because they would non set up with him ( Schonberg, pg. 110-111 ) . In 1802 Beethoven was told his hearing loss was incurable. This cognition caused a violent alteration in his character which brought about a large alteration in his music. The boisterousness of his young person turned into a mature c reative person pondering and puting each consequence. Many of Beethoven’s most popular plants day of the month from this clip. The ‘Emperor’ Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto, the Third to Seventh Symphonies, the ‘Razumovsky’ were composed at this clip ( McLeish, pg. 19 ) . In 1805 Beethoven premiered the Eroica Symphony which was a turning point in musical history. A sequence of chef-doeuvres came in the following eight old ages. Around 1811, Beethoven’s productiveness slowed down. His hearing loss became entire and he retired into his interior universe. His wellness deteriorated and the relationship he had with his nephew, Karl, might hold robbed the World of some chef-doeuvres. He became the defender of Karl when Beethoven’s brother Casper died. Beethoven was alternately rigorous and easy traveling and Karl was driven out of his head. In 1826, Karl attempted self-destruction and told constabularies Beethoven tormented him. Beethove n took it severely and friends say he aged twenty old ages in those hebdomads ( McLeish, pg. 20 ) . He died on March 27, 1827 after a long unwellness. It is reported 20,000 people attended the funeral. Beethoven’s music falls into three periods. His first 20 plants hinted at the explosive power to come. After the Eroica, the 2nd period sets in. He was confident, a maestro of signifier, and made his ain regulations. His music was governed by the logic of a great technician and musical mastermind. The last works period was the music of a adult male who has seen all and experienced all, a adult male in a silent, enduring universe. He wrote merely to warrant his artistic being, non to delight anyone. Some find the plants of this clip bleak, cold and inexplicable. Beethoven was a musical mind who was driven by unwellness and mental agony to withdraw into his ain universe. His music is the most powerful organic structure of music of all time brought together by one composer ( Schon berg, pgs. 115, 117, 119, 123 ) . Bibliography Bibligraphy 1. # 8220 ; Beethoven, Ludwig Van # 8221 ; Collier # 8217 ; s Encyclopedia. 1991 erectile dysfunction. 2. McLeish, Kenneth A ; Valerie. Listeners # 8217 ; Guide to Classical Music. Great Britain: Butler A ; Tanner Ltd. , 1986. 3. Schonberg, C. Harold. The Lifes of the Great Composers. New York: W.W. Norton A ; Co. , 1981.

Mastering the College Admission Essay

Mastering the College Admission Essay Mastering the College Admission Essay College admission essays can be intimidating for a lot of students. The idea that something as simple as a few paragraphs can have such an impact on your future is understandably scary. Putting in the time, thought, and effort into crafting a standout admission essay can seem daunting, but there are a few simple things you can do to amp up your paper. Be You As clichà © as it may sound, you want your own personality to come across in the essay. Dont try to sound impressive. The college administrators read thousands of essay every year, but only one of them is yours. Take the chance to show them yourself, and express your own triumphs. A lot of hopeful students try to make themselves sound better with tales of charity work, or underdog stories. When so many of those types of essays are submitted, its the everyday experience that starts to standout. Language Of course you want to sound smart, but dont overdo it. A college admission essay may seem like the perfect opportunity to crack open a thesaurus and wax poetic, but the truth is that using synonyms and lengthy descriptors only weighs your essay down. Wading through a four sentence description of the scenery is only going make the people reading your essay tired, and possibly confused. Using concise language is far more likely to make a lasting impression. The more you try to shove SAT words into your essay, the more you disconnect yourself from the reader. Generally, you want to write the way that you would speak. Read your essay aloud. If it sounds clunky and unnatural when youre speaking, its going to be clunky and unnatural when they read it. Content Subject matter is another tricky task. Students seem inclined to write about what they think the college cares about dont! Write about whats important to you. Demonstrating the way you think is the exact purpose of the admission essay, in the first place. Kicking that aside to try and please the person reading your essay defeats the point. Your essay is a chance to say what you couldnt express in the application. You want to come off as if youre speaking directly to the person reading your paper, and telling them what your standard application couldnt. Proofreading Once youre happy with your content the next step is to go over it with a strict eye. Any misplaced punctuation, spelling errors, or grammatical mistakes can have a negative impact on how your essay is perceived. If you arent confident in how your own editing, its a good idea to have someone else look for you. has a team of experienced writers to make sure your admission essay is as perfect as possible.

Blaxploitation Essay Research Paper The Emergence of

Blaxploitation Essay, Research Paper The Emergence of ColourIn today? s culturally diverse, politically right society, it is difficult to believe that at one clip racism was non merely accepted as the norm, but enjoyed for its amusement value. Persons of African descent in North America today take the big, diverse pool of chances offered by the movie industry for granted. Much like Canadian theatre nevertheless, there was a clip when a black adult male in any function, be it servant or break ones back, was virtually unheard of. It took the blaxpliotation movies of the early 19 1970ss to alter the stereotyped word picture of Black people in American Cinema, as it took The Farm Story, performed by a little troop of Canadian histrions, to make a Canadian theater industry. To be more specific, it took the release of Melvin Van Peebles, Sweet Sweetback? s Baadasssss Song, in 1971, to alter the tradition position of Black people in American movie. ? Porter? s Tom was the first in a long line of socially acceptable Good Negro characters. Always as Toms are chased, harassed, hounded, flogged, enslaved, and insulted, they keep the religion, n? er bend against their massas, and remain hearty, submissive, stoic, generous, selfless, and oh-so-very kind. ? ( Bogle,4 ) The early soundless period of film introduced five basic originals for Black characters: the Tom, the Coon, the Tragic Mulatto, the Mammy, and eventually, the Brutal Black Buck. America? s foremost Black character found manifestation as the aforesaid Uncle Tom in Edwin S. Porter? s, Uncle Tom? s Cabin, which was released in 1903. ? The paradox was that in actuality Tom wasn? t Black at all. Alternatively he was portrayed by a nameless, somewhat fleshy histrion made up in blackface. ? ( Boggle, 4 ) This was a common pattern developed by the theatre, and carried over, as were many of the moving techniques, to silent movie. Tom? s presence, and the visual aspect of the fou r Black originals which were to follow, served the same intent: ? to entertain by emphasizing negro inferiority. ? ( Boggle, 4 ) Although holding no positive consequence on the position of Black people in America socially, the tom character opened the door for Black histrions in film. Sam Lucas became the first black adult male to be cast in a prima function as a Tom, and in 1927, Universal Pictures signed James B. Lowe, a fine-looking black histrion, for the lead function in the Universal Pictures production of Uncle Tom? s Cabin. Lowe was chosen to play the portion because movie manager Harry Pollard, a former blackface histrion, believed he? tantrum in with the realistic demands of the times? ( Bogle, 6 ) Tom was to be followed by the coon, although he remained the cinematic Black character favourite. Where Tom was an adorable character, the coon provided audiences an object of amusement. Two discrepancies of the coon shortly emerged: the piccaninny and the uncle ramus. ( Bogle, 7 ) The Pickanny was the first coon type to look in film. ? By and large, he was a harmless, small crazy creative activity whose eyes popped, whose hair stood on terminal with the least exhilaration, and whose jokes were pleasant and diverting. ? ( Bogle, 7 ) The Pickaninny provided audiences with an amusive recreation, and shortly found his manner into the Black Marias of the mass audience. Following to debut was the pure coon, ? a good-for-nothing nigga? , whose undependable, brainsick, lazy nature was good for nil but feeding and doing problem. This character found its pinnacle of success in Rastus, a good-for-naught Black featured in a series of movies released between 1910 and 1911. The concluding coon brother would emerge as the tidal bore to delight metaphoric cousin to the Tom. Quaint, and na? ve, the Uncle Ramus character distinguished himself through his amusing philosophizing. ( Bogle,8 ) In general, the cinematic coon was used to bespeak the Black adult male? s contentment with his submissive place in society. Besides emerging around this clip period is the tragic mulatto: a negro visible radiation plenty to go through for white, who must contend against the negro contamination to either rise above his coloring material, or autumn victim to it. Mammy, a character closely related to the amusing coon, was the following to emerge. Headstrong and copiously female, Mammy debuted around 1914. The Mammy function would be perfected by Hattie McDaniel in the 1930? s. From the mammy functions emerged the Aunt Jemima, a male or female character who had a spot more tact and were, for the most portion, Sweet and congenial. The concluding original emerged in D.W. Griffith? s The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) . Picturing life before and after the civil war, all four originals are present in this movie. It depicts recreant Blacks who overpowe r the charitable, white Southerners and leave on a way of lechery, coarseness and offense. The ultimate end of these wild beast-men is sexual laterality of the pure, guiltless white adult females. At the movies decision, the white work forces of the? unseeable imperium? drive in to salvage the twenty-four hours and reconstruct white domination in the South. Proudly know aparting, D. W. Griffith, touted as one of the fore-fathers of film, uses his movie command to demo audiences what happens when? slaves get overweening? . The five originals would govern in black film for the following 50 old ages. Although Black movies did emerge, it was for the most portion produced by white production companies for a black audiences. Black Independent production companies such as the Ebony Motion Picture Company began to emerge in the 20? s, but the stereotypes and capable affair stayed the same. A common subject of societal mounting, the ultimate end of the Black being suburban life, ruling Black theaters. ( Cham, 20 ) Throughout the 30? s and 40? s the mobster movies rose to the bow, normally picturing gun-totting, slick-talking Blacks, entent on doing it large. Despite the presence of Black independent film makers such as George Randall, African American issues were basically ignored. The 50? s and 60? s brought societal agitation and the Civil Rights Movement brought a demand for movies with a stronger message. The originals of the 20? s and mid-thirtiess were no longer acceptable, and the few Hollywood? race movies? ( which normally starred Sidney Poitier ) , were no longer adequate. ? Hollywood was still unable to spot or picture the full spectrum of Black American life and culture. ? ( Cham, 21 ) In 1971, Black movie experienced an epiphany. It came in the signifier of a low-budget, severely made Gallic movie by the name of Sweet Sweetback? s Baadasssss Song. It was created about wholly by one Black man- Melvin Van Peebles. This marked a extremist alteration in Black film. ? In 1971, Melvin new wave Peebles dropped a bomb. Sweet Sweetback? s Baadasssss Song was non polite. It raged, it screamed, it provoked. It? s echos were felt throughout the state. In the Black community it was both hailed and denounced for it? s sexual rawness, its butch hero, and its word picture of the community as downpressed and in demand of rescue. ? ( Diawara, 118 ) Van Peebles movie sparked an detonation of what would go known as blaxploitation movies. What Sweet Sweetback Baadassss Song did was interpret Black Stereotypes otherwise. He, and other Black managers of the clip, took the Black Buck, Coon, and Mammy stereotypes of the epoch before and modernized them. ? Mammy? lost weight and grew an Afro, going the ultra-stylish prima donna which was personified best by actress Pam Grier. The Black Buck emerged dominant, ready to contend his historical oppressors. Blaxploitation movies acted as a cleaning procedure, through which black movies were finally able to accurately picture the African American experience. Directors such as Spike Lee and Jon Singleton were able to make? race movies? which confronted the serious urban issues of the clip, without utilizing old stereotypes. It is of import to observe, nevertheless, that Sweet Sweetback is non considered a blaxpoitation movie, as it is excessively artistic to be considered such. Rather, Melvin Van Peebles foremost movie was the accelerator for the cleaning blast. ? The Farm narrative? marked a point in time- before it there was no Canadian individuality in theater, after it there was. In the same manner, Melvin Van Peebles? film marked the minute when African Americans reclaimed their individuality. They were no longer content with the cinematic functions offered to them, and so they began to make their ain. Although blaxploitation movies were subsequently commercialized, their purpose and consequence stayed consistent, and have created the ethno-conscious film industry we find today. Bogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks. New York: Viking Press, 1973.Cham, Mbye B. Blackframes. Cambridge: The Mit Press, 1988.Cripps, Thomas. Making Movies Black. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Diawara, Manthia. Black American Cinema. New York: Routledge, 1993. Lead, Daniel J. From Sambo to Superspade. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976.Morton, Jim. Am I Black Enough for You? Blaxploitation. 20 Sept. 1998. 22 Nov. 1998. Patterson, Lindsay. Black Films and Film-Makers. New York: Dodd, Mead A ; Company, 1975.Sampson, Henry T. Blacks in Black and White: A Source Book on Black Films. New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press Inc. , 1977.

Analyse and model engineering situations and solve problems using Math Problem - 1

Analyse and model engineering situations and solve problems using Ordinary differential equations - Math Problem Example This empirical observation coincides to the Newton’s Law of Cooling which states that â€Å"the rate of change of the temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the ambient temperature.† For instance, when a hot metal ball is placed in a bath of tap water at temperature of T0, it gradually cools. In this process which takes time to complete, naturally the metal ball gives off heat to the surrounding water so that the bath gets warm due to the heat released to it. However, as time proceeds, since the bath of water is open to the larger environment at T0, the system consisting of it and the material it contains would in time establish equilibrium with its environment. In which case, the Newton’s Law of Cooling applies such that, for the heated object being cooled within a room, the temperature of the hot body changes so that it approaches the room’s temperature which is T0. b. Formulate mathematical model for t he cooling process. According to Newton’s Law of Cooling with which the problem statement proves to be consistent, a first-order differential equation may be set up as follows: = -kT where ‘k’ refers to the constant of proportionality. The negative sign accounts for the difference in temperature since the object being cooled would have a lower final temperature compared to its initial temperature. Then on solving the equation: = -k Where Tf = final temperature difference T(t) - T0 Ti = initial temperature difference T1 - T0 Here, T0 = ambient room temperature T1 = initial temperature of heated object T(t) = temperature of the object (under cooling) at anytime ‘t’ So that upon evaluation of the integral, ln Tf - ln Ti = -kt By exponent property, ln = -kt ---? = ---? = Then, substituting expressions for Tf and Ti: ----? T(t) - T0 = (T1 - T0) 2. At time t = 0 water begins to leak from a tank of constant cross-sectional area A. The rate of outflow is pro portional to h, the depth of water in the tank at time t. Write the constant of proportion kA where k is constant. a. Analyse the tank leaking process. Since water leaks out of the tank from an initial height say h0 which corresponds to water volume of V(h0) in the tank, the finite change in this volume per unit change in time, beginning at t = 0 would be (?V/t). The tank is not being filled in so this merely represents the rate of water outflow which is proportional to the water depth in the tank. Essentially, the water depth may be expressed as the finite change in height h(t) - h0 as the water leaks out of the tank where h0 refers to the initial height in the tank and h(t) is the height of the water measured at any time ‘t’. b. Formulate mathematical model for the leaking process. The leaking process may be mathematically modelled as follows: = - k A ?h in which A pertains to the constant area of cross-section through water depth The factors kA serve as the constant of proportionality and the negative sign is used to signify the value of h(t) that is lower than h0. For depth ?h = h(t) - h0, it follows that ?V = V[h(t)] - V(h0). Thus, = -k A [ h(t) - h0 ] which on arranging yields to: Write conclusions based on your formulated mathematical model for leaking process. Task 2 – Learning Outcome 4.2 Solve first order differential equations using analytical and numerical methods. 3. Find the solution of the following equations: a. Separating variables, = t dt Integrating both sides, let u

The Problem of Evil Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Problem of Evil - Term Paper Example The â€Å"all-good,† the â€Å"all-powerful,† etc., are claims to justifying the creator who made the world of all possible worlds. Theodicy involves these traditional arguments and weighs these arguments against the scale of the problem of evil. G.W. Leibniz is a case in point. According to Leibniz, this world, no matter how imperfect, is actually the best of all possible worlds that God would have created in any way. More so, Leibniz’s optimistic theodicy does not see the existence of evil in the world as fundamentally counting against God’s existence. Therefore, evil, as it were, becomes a non-issue when seen from the purview of God’s grand plan of the universe. â€Å"Further, we realize that there is a perpetual and almost free progress of the whole universe in fulfillment of the universal beauty and perfection of the works of God, so that it is always advancing towards a greater development.† (1967, 421). Theodicy as the rational study o f God necessarily has to come to grips with evil, where the question is about justifying God’s goodness in the presence of evil. ... Does belief in God contribute to man’s pursuit of happiness, notwithstanding the other equally issue called evil? Or, is it something superfluous let alone erroneous? The presence of evil in the world is real, no doubt. But it has a purpose. The process of evolution forces us to admit to ourselves that we are not at the center of this cosmic process, and that what we need to do is to align ourselves to the ultimate end of the process. Teilhard de Chardin sees evil as part of the whole process of evolution from which man must learn to find his rightful place. De Chardin explains: â€Å"Statistically, at every degree of evolution, we find evil always and everywhere, forming and reforming implacably in us and around us.† (1975, 312). Similarly, an uncritical belief in an objectivist divine providence needs to give way to the reality of evil which God uses to teach man of his existence in the world. Divine providence is not magic. Evil is a privation of man’s suppose d end of goodness. In the end, human affairs need to be addressed by man, not God. â€Å"The evil in the world is very great and we see little or no reliable evidence of a benevolent providence,† (Cupitt 2001, 106). Leave God alone! Atheism easily dismisses God’s existence on account of the reality of evil, as if to falsify altogether God’s existence because of the perceived presence of something that goes against God’s attributes. For atheism God’s existence is nothing but man’s projection of his desire to get the help of some superpower to take away the problem of evil which he cannot do. From a theistic perspective, the objections of atheism can be adequately addressed - not apologetically, but

Chaim Potoks The Chosen Essay -- Chaim Potok Chosen Essays

Chaim Potok's The Chosen In the book The Chosen, by Chaim Potok, Reuven Malter is shaped by everyone around him. During this interaction his character becomes more developed and engaging. Through the interactions, it becomes apparent that Reuven’s father is always teaching his child how to improve himself. The conversations between Reuven and his father help prepare Reuven develop the mentality and the personal qualities, such as wisdom, compassion, and tolerance, necessary to become a rabbi. In all of their conversations, Mr. Malter seeks to pass his moral wisdom onto Reuven. At the beginning of the novel, after Reuven refuses to listen to Danny’s apology, his father visits him at the hospital to discuss his ignorance: â€Å"‘You did a foolish thing, Reuven,’ he told me [Reuven] sternly. ‘You remember what the Talmud says. If a person comes to apologize for having hurt you, you must listen and forgive him’† (96). Reuven’s father teaches him about applying the Talmud to his daily life and about becoming a better person. After Reuven and Danny begin to become friends, Reuven begins to look at the baseball game in retrospective. He tells his father he is shocked how such a strong friendship can emerge from such a meaningless occurrence. His father replies, â€Å"‘Reuven, as you grow older you will discover that the most important things that will happen to you will often come as a result of silly things, as you call themï‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬Ëœordinary things’ is a better expression. That is the way the world is’† (110). Mr. Malter shares his wisdom of Jewish morals and way of life with Reuven so he may pass his knowledge on to his children, or perhaps his future followers. Mr. Malter tries to pass more wisdom to Reuven as the ... ...if you [Reuven] become a rabbi’† (219). Here, Mr. Malter prepares Reuven for his difficult task ahead because whether Reuven is a rabbi or a professor, he will have to teach many and share his wisdom. Mr. Malter cunningly reveals many of the challenges that lie ahead in Reuven’s future. In The Chosen, Reuven is very easily influenced by the people around him as he goes through his adolescence. It is a time of learning and self-realization for him, and at this time, he turns to his father for guidance and wisdom. His father shows him the ways of understanding and compassion. He also prepares him for what lies ahead, whether his son chooses to be a rabbi or not. Through his father’s teachings, Reuven develops the personal traits essential for becoming a rabbi. Works Cited Potok, Chaim. The Chosen. New York: The Ballantine Publishing Group, 1967.

Identifying the Barriers and Facilitators to Participation in Physical Activity for Children with Down Syndrome

Identifying the barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with Down syndrome. Images Authors: Barr M; Shields N Author Address: School of Physiotherapy and the Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic. , Australia. Source: Journal Of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR [J Intellect Disabil Res] 2011 Nov; Vol. 55 (11), pp. 1020-33. Date of Electronic Publication: 2011 May 10. Publication Type: Journal Article Language: EnglishJournal Information: Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications on behalf of the Royal Society for Mentally Handicapped Children and Adults : Oxford, UK Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9206090 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2788 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09642633 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Intellect Disabil Res Subsets: MEDLINE MeSH Terms: Physical Education and Training* Sports*/psychology Down Syndrome/*physiopathology Down Syndrome/*rehabilitationMo tor Activity/*physiology Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Child, Preschool ; Disability Evaluation ; Down Syndrome/psychology ; Family Health ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Motivation ; Parents/psychology ; Qualitative Research ; Victoria Abstract: Background: Many children with Down syndrome do not undertake the recommended amount of daily physical activity. The aim of this study was to explore the barriers and facilitators to physical activity for this group.Methods: Eighteen in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 parents (16 mothers, 4 fathers) of children with Down syndrome aged between 2 and 17 years to examine what factors facilitate physical activity and what factors are barriers to activity for their children. The participants were recruited through a community disability organisation that advocates for people with Down syndrome and their families. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and independently coded and analysed by two researchers using th ematic analysis.Results: Four themes on facilitators of physical activity were identified: (1) the positive role of the family; (2) opportunity for social interaction with peers; (3) structured accessible programmes that make adaptations for children with Down syndrome; and (4) children who were determined to succeed and physically skilled. Four themes on the barriers to physical activity were also identified: (1) characteristics commonly associated with Down syndrome; (2) competing family responsibilities; (3) reduced physical or behavioural skills; and (4) a lack of accessible programmes.Conclusions: The results highlight the important role of families in determining how much physical activity children with Down syndrome undertake and the effect that common characteristics associated with Down syndrome can have on maintaining an active lifestyle. Future research needs to concentrate on successful methods of encouraging physical activity, such as ensuring social interaction is part of the activity, and eliminating barriers to physical activity such as the a lack of appropriate programmes for children with Down syndrome.Implementing these strategies may encourage children with Down syndrome to participate more frequently in a physically active lifestyle. ( (c) 2011 The Authors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research (c) 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ) Entry Dates: Date Created: 20111024 Date Completed: 20120221 Update Code: 20120221 DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2788. 2011. 01425. x PMID: 21554468 Database: MEDLINE with Full Text Images: Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome. Images Go to all 8 images >> Authors: Weijerman ME; de Winter JP Author Address: Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [email  protected] nl Source: European Journal Of Pediatrics [Eur J Pediatr] 2010 Dec; Vol. 169 (12), pp. 1445-52. Date of Electronic Publication: 2010 Jul 15. Publication Type : Journal Article; Review Language: English Journal Information: Publisher: Springer Verlag : Berlin Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 7603873 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-1076 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03406199 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur. J. Pediatr. Subsets: MEDLINE MeSH Terms: Life Expectancy* Cardiovascular Diseases/*therapyDown Syndrome/*mortality Down Syndrome/*therapy Respiratory Tract Diseases/*therapy Vision Disorders/*therapy Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics ; Caregivers ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Delivery of Health Care/standards ; Down Syndrome/complications ; Down Syndrome/diagnosis ; Down Syndrome/epidemiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/genetics ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy ; Humans ; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/epidemiology ; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/genetics ; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/therapy ; Parents ;Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards ; Prevalence ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/genetics ; Risk Factors ; Vision Disorders/epidemiology ; Vision Disorders/genetics Abstract: Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities. Because of medical advances and improvements in overall medical care, the median survival of individuals with DS has increased considerably.This longer life expectancy requires giving the necessary care to the individual with DS over their total longer lifespan. DS medical guidelines are designed for the optimal care of the child in whom a diagnosis of DS has been confirmed. We present an overview of the most important issues related to children with DS based on the most relevant literature currently available. Entry Dates: Date Created: 20101025 Date Completed: 20110218 Update Code: 20111122 PubMed Central ID: PMC2962780 PMID: 20632187 Database: MEDLINE with Full Text